مجله پایش
سال بیست و سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 114، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1403)

The pre-marriage education program started in Iran in 1993. The present study had several main goals, and this article deals with the results of two objectives, including the assessment of pre-marriage education centers and assessment of the instructors' satisfaction with the program.

The study was cross-sectional. Ninety-six centers were selected by simple random sampling, and instructors of selected centers included in the study by census method. Data were analyzed using SPSS-18 software.

The mean of overall satisfaction score of instructors with the "pre-marriage education program" was 20.56 (SD=3.753). The instructors were satisfied or very satisfied, including 88.4% with the content of textbooks, 70.1% with the regular holding of retraining courses, 96.2% with the cooperation with the center, 98.2% with the behavior of colleagues, and 98% with the center authorities management for holding classes. The instructors were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied, including 60.6% with the paid amount for instruction and 51% with the timely payment. There was no significant relationship between the overall satisfaction with age, gender, marital status, education, and duration of the instruction experience. A significant relationship was between overall satisfaction with the level of education (p=0.012), employment relationship with the center (p=0.014), and the type of class (p<0.001). Thus, instructors with master education were the most, and instructors with bachelor education were the least satisfied with the program. Official instructors had the least, and contract instructors had the most satisfaction. The instructors of the "reproductive and sexual health course" were the least, and the instructors of the "ethics and laws course" were the most satisfied with the program. The results of the evaluation of centers showed that more than 80% of the centers were in good condition in terms of lighting, heating system, and the appropriate seat numbers for participants in each class. About 70-80% of centers were in favorable condition in terms of the appropriate number of classes, adequate ventilation, the fitness of educational facilities with needs, and adequate physical space for classes. Only 50-70% of the centers were in good condition in terms of cooling system, and access to the necessary infrastructure for online classes.

The promotion of the pre-marriage education program requires the development of the necessary infrastructure and the improvement of the welfare conditions of the instructors. We hope that the results of the present study can help the policy-makers of the health system to improve the monitoring of program.

Health equity is “the availability of health services and people's access to them, using health services based on need, paying for health services based on financial ability and having an acceptable level of health”. Equitable distribution of hospital beds plays a significant role in achieving universal health coverage and improving people's health. This study aimed to measure the equity in the geographical distribution of hospital beds in Tehran province, Iran.

Data for this descriptive and cross-sectional study was collected from the Ministry of Health and the Iranian Statistics Center. All hospitals in Tehran province were included in this study in 2016. Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were used to calculate the equity of hospital beds distribution using the Excel software.

Tehran province population was 13,267,637 at the study commence. There were 158 hospitals with 25,866 beds in Tehran province in 2016 (1.2 hospital per 100,000 people and 1.9 hospital beds per 1000 people). Tehran, Varamin and Firoozkooh cities had the highest hospital beds per population. Tehran, the capital, had 90% of the total Tehran province hospitals and 95% of the hospital beds. The Gini coefficient for hospital bed distribution among Tehran cities was 0.299.

The distribution of hospital beds in Tehran Province was relatively fair. Equitable allocation of hospital beds particularly in less developed cities is necessary for achieving health equity in access to health resources.

Objective (s): 

This study aimed to critically evaluate published clinical trials on the effect of non-pharmacological approaches on post-cesarean ileus.

Non-pharmacological clinical trials on ileus after cesarean delivery were searched in Pubmed, Web of science, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest, SID, Magiran, Iranmedex databases. The key words: Cesarean Delivery, Ileus, Bowel Movements, Passing Gas, Defecation, Bowel Function and Non-Pharmacological Methods were used from 1/1/2011 to 9/25/2023.The Studies were evaluated by the CONSORT checklist of non-pharmacological interventions consisting of six sections, 25 questions and 44 items. SPSS2019 software was used for descriptive data analysis.

A total of 23 articles were critically evaluated. The following non-pharmacological methods were found: nine articles related to chewing gum (40%), five articles related to premature feeding after cesarean section (21%), three articles related to acupressure (13%), two articles related to drinking coffee (9%), one article on exercise (4.5%) and three articles on medicinal plants (13%). The compliance percentage of the articles with Consort criteria was 60% and their mean score was 27±4.4 ranging from 14 to 33. The most discrepancies were in the results and method sections.

The quality of clinical trials on non-pharmacological methods on ileus after cesarean delivery in the last 10 years was intermediate, which suggest the need for more attention by investigators using the standard checklists for reporting studies.

Adolescent pregnancy is one of the important challenges of reproductive health. Factors such as family conflict, poor social support, and low self-esteem among adolescent mothers can expose them to postpartum depression. Therefore, the present study was performed to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and its relationship with birth experience among adolescent mothers.

The present study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted on 202 adolescent mothers referred to urban and suburban health centers in Tabriz, Iran. Sampling method was census and done in the period of 1 to 3 months after birth in 2022. After checking the eligibility criteria, childbirth experience questionnaire version 2.0 (CEQ 2.0) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were completed through interview. Data analysis was done using SPSS software and logistic regression test.

The mean (SD) of postpartum depression score was 7.5 (5.6) ranging from 0 to 30. The prevalence of postpartum depression and negative birth experience were approximately 23.8% and 11.4%, respectively. After adjusting the effect of possible confounding variables, there was no statistically significant relationship between the negative experience of birth and postpartum depression (p= 0.310). In mothers with unwanted pregnancy compared to mothers with wanted pregnancy, the probability of postpartum depression was 2.22 times higher [Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) = 2.22 (4.71 to 1.05); p= 0.037].

Although in this study, approximately one-fifth of adolescent mothers were exposed to postpartum depression; there was no significant relationship between the negative birth experience and postpartum depression. The results of this study can be used to identify high-risk mothers, especially mothers with unwanted pregnancies, referring them for counseling, and prevent postpartum depression.

In the last few decades, the concept of healthy lifestyle has been the focus of many investigations. As a phenomenon, it includes studies of individual and collective behaviors related to health. This study aimed to review healthy lifestyle in young people.

The present review was conducted in order to investigate the healthy lifestyle in young people. All articles published in Persian language were examined without any constrains until 2023. Articles were searched in national reliable databases using the keywords "lifestyle", "healthy lifestyle", "healthy lifestyle of youth", "health-oriented lifestyle" alone or in combination. Then the studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected and their findings were analyzed.

In initial search 398 articles were retrieved. After removing duplicate and unrelated articles, finally 18 studies were reviewed. The findings showed that the most attention in the studies was on examining healthy nutrition, physical activity, risky behaviors and drug use, most of which were presented quantitatively. The majority of studies focused on individual performance and explained the problem of healthy lifestyle more through the lens of agency-oriented tradition. Almost all studies have interpreted the low levels of healthy lifestyle among young people by analyzing the behavior of the people themselves and neglected the analysis of structural factors.

It seems to promote a healthy lifestyle among young people more studies on "favorable environments for a healthy lifestyle" considering individual and structural dimensions, are needed. Promoting a healthy lifestyle among young people requires combining practical solutions at the individual and structural levels.

One of the undesirable consequences of the aging process is the feeling of loneliness and decrease in general health. Nowadays aging people are one of the most problems of sustainable development in each country in the world. Therefore, current research was aimed to determine the impact of loneliness on elderly health in west health care center of Tehran.

This was descriptive- analytical research conducted cross- sectionally in 2020-2021. The research population was elderly people over 60 years old covered by west health center of Tehran. Determining the sample size was conducted by Krejcie and Morgan table to the number of 300. The list of elderly people extracted from Sib system, and selected by random table of numbers. The research tool were two questionnaires including GHQ-28 of Goldberg and loneliness feeling of elderly population (SELSA- S) that confirmed their validity and reliability. Descriptive results were reported by frequency, average, and also analytical results reported using by Pearson and variance analysis, and also linear regression.

Increased feeling of loneliness and poor mental health and social function were observed elderly people. Negative and significant feeling of loneliness and its components impacted on mental health among elderly people. There was no significant relationship between feeling of loneliness and gender.

Decreased feeling of loneliness among elderly people might lead to improved mental health among elderly people. Therefore, due to the increasing elderly population in Iran, it is so important to design interventions and trainingprograms in order to create supportive conditions forelderly people.

Genital warts, in addition to being important as a sexually transmitted disease, can alter the emotional support of affected women and threaten couples' emotional relationships. This study was designed with a qualitative approach to investigate the challenges of emotional support for women with genital warts.

The present qualitative study was performed from January 2019 to February 2020 in the dermatology clinic of Razi Hospital in Tehran, Iran, with purposive sampling of 16 women with genital warts. Data were collected through unstructured interviews and analyzed using conventional content analysis approach.

After data analysis, a total of 182 codes, 8 subcategories, 3 main categories and 1 theme were obtained. The theme namely "Emotional Support Challenges" included the three main categories of "emotional relationship change", "disclosing the disease to seek support" and "worry for labeling and judgment".

The results of the present study showed the challenges of emotional support for women after contracting genital warts. After contracting genital warts, women experienced emotional deterioration. However, receiving emotional support from family members or friends instead of their partner accompanied by the worry of being judged and stigmatization.

Objective (s): 

Prenatal care is essential for the birth of healthy babies and the maintenance of mothers' health. This study was conducted to explore the experiences of mothers regarding prenatal care at the Sureshjan Health Center.

This was a qualitative study using conventional analysis of the data. The study population consisted of 20 pregnant women from Sureshjan, Chaharmahal, and Bakhtiari province. A semi-structure in-depth interviews conducted to collect the data. Interviews continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed using an inductive method that involved open coding, category creation, and abstraction.

The results showed that participants pay serious attention to prenatal care and see it as a vital necessity for that period. The following three categories emerged from the analysis: maintaining and promoting maternal health, supporting fetal health, and maternal care literacy.

The pregnant mothers were aware of the importance of prenatal care and considered it necessary to maintain their health and the fetus, as well as to learn important skills related to pregnancy and infancy.

The Covid-19 pandemic indicated that our biological characteristics alone are not enough to deal with diseases. Resilience refers to the dynamic process of positive adaptation to unpleasant and unfortunate experiences which reflects our ability to control the situation and manipulate the situation optimally. This capability includes internal dimensions, the role of experiences and mental patterns, and external dimensions including the coordinates or community's efforts in mastering challenges. However, studies only focus on the concept of social resilience as an external dimension, and the role of culture as an independent component of identity has been ignored. In this review, the need to conceptualize cultural resilience has been put on the agenda.  In fact, the capabilities that culture provides through the various components that enable us to have the ability to adapt, change conditions, and improve performance in critical situations are studied.

This was a review of the literature. PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID databases were investigated using the keywords resilience, community, culture, and hardness in Persian and English papers from 1990 to 2018. The articles were evaluated in multiple stages and finally 32 papers were analyzed.

As a result, we conceptualized that cultural resilience could include the following components: belongingness and rootedness, trust, commitment, sense of pride, and attachment.

Cultural resilience can be considered as the ability to adapt and deal with a crisis with the help of historical styles, myths, customs, and cultural beliefs.

With the spread of COVID-19 pandemic, different countries have implemented various intervention to control the disease. Providing information on how the disease spreads and local risk factors can help policymakers and managers to control the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial factors of Covid-19 disease in Hamadan province, Iran.

All cases of Covid-19 in Hamadan province from the beginning of the epidemic (Jan 2020) to the end of March 2021 with a confirmed diagnosis of Covid-19 disease based on PCR test were included in the study. The required information was collected through the Covid-19 case registration system in Hamadan University of medical science, other provincial institutions and the Statistics Center of Iran. Statistical analyzes were performed in two parts: descriptive and analytical. Zoning maps were used to show the distribution of disease cases. Getis-Ord G statistic was used in the analytical analysis to analyze the hot spots.

A total of 25197 patients suspected of Covid-19 were studied. Of these 10366 were positive based on PCR test. There were 1510 confirmed positive cases of the disease who died during the period of investigation. Population density, employment rate, development index, illiteracy rate, distance from the provincial center, air temperature, number of frosty days, average air humidity showed a significant relationship with the incidence of positive cases of Covid-19 in Hamadan province.

Based on the findings, the most important variables related to the increase in the death of covid-19 included the increase in population density and the level of development. The preparation of risk maps using GIS can help to plan a rapid response to the COVID-19 epidemic, focus on prevention programs in high-risk areas, and plan the necessary strategies appropriate to the epidemic trend to control COVID-19 and similar epidemics in the future.

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) is a type of psychotherapy that was initially designed to improve the mood and prevent the relapse of people with bipolar disorder, and for this purpose, understanding and working with biological and social rhythms and training interpersonal skills It is focused. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of IPSRT in combination with motivational interviewing (MI) on reducing the symptoms of major depression with anxiety distress, which is one of the most common and debilitating mental disorders.

In this study, IPSRT was combined with MI in the form of a single-case study design with multiple baselines. The subjects included 2 people (one male and one female) with low vision suffering from major depressive disorder with anxiety distress who were selected by the purpose-based accessible sampling method in September 2022 from among the members of the Mashhad welfare student WhatsApp group. After the stability of the research variables in the baseline, the subjects underwent 12 weekly 1-hour therapy sessions with a follow-up period of 2, 1, and 3 months. Beck's depression and anxiety questionnaires were used to evaluate changes in baseline, treatment and follow-up. Data analysis was done with the help of stable change index, effect size, improvement percentage and visual analysis of the graph.

The results showed that this treatment has made clinically and statistically significant changes (P<0.005) in reducing symptoms of depression and accompanying anxiety.

Findings support that IPSRT in combination with MI is effective in reducing symptoms of major depression and associated anxiety.

Dear Editor, Vaccine hesitancy, which refers to the delay in receiving or refusing vaccination despite the availability of vaccination services, has been identified as one of the top 10 threats to global health by the WHO. Traditional channels and social media release vaccination information and may influence public opinion about whether people want to be vaccinated. At present, social media has become a double-edged sword that can deliver true and false information to a large group of people. Platforms provide a digital space for people to share any type of content and have the potential to reach a large audience. Therefore, monitoring these media should be on the agenda of governments.

Dear Editor, Communicating correctly and effectively with clients is considered one of the most important and essential skills for health professionals. However, they mainly use jargon in the process of communicating with clients, and sometimes there is a lot of information that is beyond the ability of their clients. Thus, paying attention to health literacy as one of the most important strategies to improve the quality of patient-physician communication in both providers and recipients of health services.However, the main and major focus of health literacy research has been patients, and the other side of the problem, that is, health professionals and their communication skills, has received less attention; While the lack of familiarity with the concept of health literacy and lack of attention to its principles by health professionals during every encounter with clients and in general, the process of communicating with clients, can be challenging and ultimately might lead to a communication failure.